Natural killer (NK) cells are white blood cells that are crucial components of the innate immune system. They are known for their ability to recognize and destroy infected or abnormal cells. These cells do not require prior exposure to specific antigens; instead, they can quickly and nonspecifically target cells that exhibit signs of distress or abnormality.

Factors influenced by dietary intake that are associated with unhealthy psychological functioning include fatigue, depressive feelings and thoughts, stress, distress, nervousness, anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure), and increased hedonic vs. homeostatic eating (defined in Module 3).

The nervous system, comprising the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), is a complex network of nerves and cells transmitting signals between different body parts. It is crucial in regulating bodily functions, perceiving the environment, and allowing for conscious thought and action.

Neural plasticity, or neuroplasticity, is the brain’s ability to adapt to environmental changes by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections (Pickersgill et al., 2022).

Neural repair refers to the process by which the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, regenerates and repairs damaged or injured neural tissue. This process can involve the creation of new neurons (neurogenesis) and restoring damaged neural connections, contributing to the brain’s resilience and recovery from injury or degenerative conditions.

Neuro-Immuno-endocrine signaling mechanism is the complex interaction between the nervous, immune, and endocrine (hormonal) systems. This interaction regulates several physiological processes within MGBA, such as stress response, inflammation, and metabolic functions. These three systems communicate by releasing signaling molecules such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and cytokines that modulate the function of target cells or organs. Dysfunction of NIEMs has been linked to various health problems, such as chronic pain, mood disorders, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Neuroactive compounds are substances that can affect or modulate the nervous system’s activity, influencing various brain functions such as mood, cognition, and overall brain health. These compounds may include natural substances found in food, such as caffeine, choline, and tryptophan. The impact of neuroactive compounds on the nervous system can vary, contributing to effects like enhanced cognitive function, stress resilience, and improved mental well-being.

The changes the brain undergoes to accommodate the presence of a new substance or condition.

These terms refer to the anatomy specific to the central nervous system, which involves the brain’s structures. Neuroanatomy is best understood within the context of brain structures relating to function.

Neurobiological mechanisms are the fundamental processes within the nervous system, including neurons, neurotransmitters, and molecular pathways, that underlie various physiological and psychological functions. They serve as the basis for understanding how the nervous system operates.