Immediate gratification refers to the desire for and pursuit of instant pleasure or satisfaction without considering or prioritizing long-term consequences. It involves seeking immediate rewards or benefits rather than delaying gratification for greater but delayed outcomes.

Immune cells are the active components of the immune system and belong to the white blood cell (WBC) category. They provide immunity to the host by protecting them from bacterial and viral infection and destroying the pathogen that enters the body.

The immune system is the complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against foreign invaders such as pathogens and maintain overall health.

Incretins are gut-derived hormones released in response to food intake and are primarily responsible for metabolic functions such as stimulating insulin secretion and maintaining glucose homeostasis (Saini et al., 2015).

Inflammasomes are large protein complexes that play a central role in the immune system’s response to infections and cellular stress. Inflammasomes are formed in response to specific signals and trigger the activation of inflammatory pathways by releasing proinflammatory molecules, specifically cytokines.

Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritants involving immune cell activation and the release of signaling molecules. Chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and is linked to various diseases.

The involuntary or voluntary ability to withhold behavior. This capacity is generally considered an executive function at the voluntary level.

Injunctive social norms reflect what most group members think they should do (i.e., ‘you should eat more vegetables’). Thus, an injunctive norm involves one’s perception of what most others think they should do.

The innate immune system is a subdivision of the immune system. It consists of various physical and chemical barriers that serve as the first line of defense against pathogens. The innate immune system is naturally developed from birth and responds quickly to kill pathogens on the spot within a few hours. It prevents the germs from spreading in a limited range.

A brain structure considered to be the hub of Interoception that lies within the cerebral cortex of the brain.