Neuro-Immuno-endocrine signaling mechanism is the complex interaction between the nervous, immune, and endocrine (hormonal) systems. This interaction regulates several physiological processes within MGBA, such as stress response, inflammation, and metabolic functions. These three systems communicate by releasing signaling molecules such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and cytokines that modulate the function of target cells or organs. Dysfunction of NIEMs has been linked to various health problems, such as chronic pain, mood disorders, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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