The sensation derived when non-volatile chemical molecules stimulate receptors on taste cells in the surface areas of the tongue, soft palate, and the oropharyngeal region. The human taste system is now widely accepted to include five taste qualities: sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami (Lowe et al., 2014).

The thalamus is thought of as the brain’s main relay center for sensory impulses.

Thermoregulation is the biological process by which an organism maintains its body temperature within a narrow, optimal range despite external temperature fluctuations. It balances heat production and loss mechanisms to stabilize the body’s core temperature.

The interindividual differences in the frequency and intensity of food cravings experienced by an individual (Richard et al., 2017).

Transcellular diffusion transports ions, sugar molecules, vitamins, and minerals through epithelial cells’ apical (top) and basolateral (bottom) surfaces via transporter proteins. Nutrient absorption in the GIT is an example of this process (Vanuytsel et al., 2021),.