The robustness of a microbiota refers to the degree of change in the microbiota after a disturbance and its ability to recover from this impact. It is an intriguing scale because it depicts the ecosystem’s overall steady state or resilience; for example, the environment may not directly impact a specific species. However, the extinction of another species may result in the collapse of the entire ecosystem because the microbiota structure is not “robust” or is overly vulnerable.

The routine is the actual behavior or action that follows the cue. It’s the habitual activity that you perform in response to the cue.

The salience of an object refers to its distinctiveness, prominence, and/or obviousness. In psychology, this term refers to any aspect of an object that makes it noticeable from the rest. Many factors can influence the salience of an object (within NP, usually a food), and the salience of an object can occur not simply because the object itself stands out because of its physical features (i.e., color, size, etc.). Still, rather, salience can be influenced by one’s interests, motivations, and previous experiences. For example, when you decide to purchase a certain car, you notice that car type on the road more often.

The feeling of fullness that occurs during a meal letting you know that you’ve eaten enough and don’t want to eat anymore. Think “at the end of a meal.”

Satiety is a feeling of “fullness” that occurs after an eating episode and has an appetite-suppressant effect (Booth, 2003).

The satiety cascade is a conceptual model describing the sequence of physiological and psychological signals that arise during and after eating and that progressively reduce the desire to eat, bringing a meal to an end and delaying the onset of the next one. The satiety cascade frames appetite control as a series of overlapping stages, beginning with sensory and cognitive responses to food (sight, smell, expectations), continuing through gastric and intestinal responses during digestion, and extending to post-absorptive metabolic and hormonal signals.

These integrated signals jointly determine satiation (meal termination and meal size) and post-meal satiety (how long hunger is suppressed before the next eating occasion).

Satiety hormones promote feelings of fullness and satisfaction after eating. Hormones like cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin fall into this category.

Schizophrenia, which derives from the Greek words “schízein” (splitting) and “phrḗn” (mind), is a severe psychotic disorder characterized by significant deficits in cognition, behavior, and social functioning (Gaebel & Kerst, 2018; McCutcheon et al., 2020).

sIgA is an antibody secreted by plasma cells into the gut lumen. It forms a protective barrier against harmful pathogens that enter the gut through the mouth or skin. sIgA is present in bodily secretions such as saliva, tears, and breast milk (Mantis et al., 2011),.

Secure attachment style is characterized by low anxiety and low avoidance. It develops when caregivers provide consistent warmth, safety, and responsiveness, enabling the child to form trust and effective self-soothing abilities.