Synapses are the junctions between neurons (nerve cells) where they communicate with each other. These connections allow neurons to transmit electrical or chemical signals, facilitating communication within the nervous system.

Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of synapses (the connections between neurons) to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity. It is a fundamental mechanism for learning and memory formation in the brain.

Synaptogenesis refers to the formation of synapses, the connections through which neurons transmit information to one another. This process is essential for the development of brain networks and the overall architecture of neural connectivity, supporting learning, memory, and brain function.

Synbiotics are a synergistic combination of probiotics and prebiotics that promote the survival and activity of beneficial bacteria in the gut (De Vrese & Schrezenmeir, 2008).

Systemic chronic inflammation (SCI) is a condition characterized by persistently elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and CRP, across the body. Unlike acute inflammation, SCI is a low-grade, ongoing response that affects multiple systems and is associated with various chronic diseases.

The sensation derived when non-volatile chemical molecules stimulate receptors on taste cells in the surface areas of the tongue, soft palate, and the oropharyngeal region. The human taste system is now widely accepted to include five taste qualities: sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami (Lowe et al., 2014).

The thalamus is thought of as the brain’s main relay center for sensory impulses.

The EAT-Lancet Commission consists of 37 world-leading scientists from 16 countries, representing various scientific disciplines. The Commission’s goal was to reach a scientific consensus by defining targets for healthy diets and sustainable food production.

The EAT-Lancet diet is a set of science-based dietary guidelines developed by the EAT-Lancet Commission. It emphasizes a plant-based diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts, while limiting the intake of red meat, dairy, and processed foods. The diet aims to promote both human health and environmental sustainability.

The Mediterranean diet is a way of eating based on the traditional foods of countries around the Mediterranean Sea. It emphasizes plant-based foods, healthy fats, and overall eating patterns. A focus on vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds characterizes the diet. Olive oil is the main source of fat, and fish and other seafood are also a key part of the diet. Foods are prepared with herbs and spices instead of sauces and gravies. Red wine is consumed in moderation, with meals, but not every day. Little or no red meat is consumed, and instead, poultry, fish, or beans are eaten. Little or no sweets, sugary drinks, or butter are included.