The increase in reward value of a stimulus based on its potential to move the body’s physiological state toward homeostasis (Simmons & Deville, 2017); an increase in pleasurable sensations associated with that stimulus.

PDIEs are factors influenced by dietary intake that are associated with healthy psychological functioning and positive well-being. They include positive psychological processes, including feelings of happiness, optimism, contentment, and life satisfaction. These factors encompass eudaimonic well-being, which is the subjective happiness experienced through deriving meaning or purpose within one’s life.

A subjective conscious sensation of pleasure and joy experienced after eating (Duerlund et al., 2019).

The subjective perceptions of the body after eating (Duerlund et al., 2019).

Interoceptive physiological sensations arising from the post-ingestion and absorption phase of the preceding food intake that leads to positive sensations (i.e., energy stability, satiation, comfort, etc.) or negative sensations (i.e., discomfort, fatigue, pain, difficulty thinking, change in affect, lowering of energy, etc.). PIS vary within and between individuals. This term is specific to Nutritional Psychology.

Postbiotics are bioactive compounds produced by the fermentation of prebiotics by gut microbiota. They can positively affect health, including immune modulation and gut barrier function.

Prebiotics are non-digestible dietary compounds that selectively promote the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms, particularly bacteria, within the gastrointestinal tract. They thereby influence host health through microbial modulation.

The prefrontal cortex is the front part of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, reasoning, and social behavior. In the context of the diet-mental health relationship, it’s crucial for managing dietary choices and their impact on mental well-being.

The prefrontal cortex is the section of the brain’s frontal lobe considered to be the “conductor” or “executive” of the brain. It mediates higher-order cortical processes. The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) is contained within the prefrontal cortex and mediates executive functions. Damage to this area results in dysexecutive syndrome, with impaired working memory, sustained attention, mental flexibility, problem-solving, planning, and self-monitoring. The DLPFC also communicates closely with the structures of the limbic system, such as the hippocampus, to retrieve and consolidate memories.

These substances increase oxidative stress in the body by promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Examples include certain foods (processed foods, refined sugars, unhealthy fats), environmental toxins, and excessive alcohol.