Prebiotics are non-digestible dietary compounds that selectively promote the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms, particularly bacteria, within the gastrointestinal tract. They thereby influence host health through microbial modulation.

The prefrontal cortex is the front part of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, reasoning, and social behavior. In the context of the diet-mental health relationship, it’s crucial for managing dietary choices and their impact on mental well-being.

The prefrontal cortex is the section of the brain’s frontal lobe considered to be the “conductor” or “executive” of the brain. It mediates higher-order cortical processes. The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) is contained within the prefrontal cortex and mediates executive functions. Damage to this area results in dysexecutive syndrome, with impaired working memory, sustained attention, mental flexibility, problem-solving, planning, and self-monitoring. The DLPFC also communicates closely with the structures of the limbic system, such as the hippocampus, to retrieve and consolidate memories.

These substances increase oxidative stress in the body by promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Examples include certain foods (processed foods, refined sugars, unhealthy fats), environmental toxins, and excessive alcohol.

Probiotics are live microorganisms, often bacteria, that, when administered in adequate quantities, confer beneficial effects on the host’s health by modulating the composition and function of the gut microbiota.

Proteins are essential macronutrients composed of amino acids. They are vital in building and repairing tissues, enzymes, hormones, and immune function.

Proteomics is a branch of biology that studies proteins’ function, expression, and degradation within living organisms (Graves & Haystead, 2002).

Psychiatry is the branch of medicine focused on the causation, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders. Psychiatry addresses conditions such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders, contributing to an improved quality of life and mental well-being.

Psychobiotics are beneficial live microorganisms that, upon consumption, provide mental health benefits by influencing the gut-brain connection through the modulation of the gut microbiota.

An inability to stop oneself from overeating in response to environmental and other cues is associated with obesity and high weight gain (Dao, 2019).