Chronic Stress is a long-term and persistent stress that results from continuous exposure to stressors. Unlike acute stress, chronic stress can have negative effects on both physical and mental health over an extended period.

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns and temperatures on Earth, often attributed to human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. It leads to various environmental impacts, including rising global temperatures, rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and changes in precipitation patterns.

When we refer to “cognition” within Nutritional Psychology, we define the mental processes associated with attention, perception, thinking, learning, memory, and other higher-order processes.

Cognitive distortions are irrational, biased, or exaggerated thought patterns that negatively influence perception, decision-making, and emotions. These automatic, often unconscious, thinking errors can reinforce maladaptive behaviors, such as emotional eating or restrictive dieting, and contribute to issues like anxiety, depression, and disordered eating patterns. Examples include all-or-nothing thinking (“I ate one unhealthy meal, so my whole diet is ruined”) and catastrophizing (“If I don’t lose weight, I’ll never be happy”).

Cognitive reserve is the brain’s capacity to resist the effects of aging or neurological damage by efficiently reorganizing its neural networks or using alternative neural networks to achieve desired cognitive goals.

Cognitive resilience is the brain’s ability to adapt and recover from cognitive challenges, stress, or aging while maintaining normal cognitive function. It reflects the capacity to withstand cognitive decline or recover cognitive abilities after setbacks.

In microbiology, a Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) determines the concentration of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes in a sample.

Comfort foods are familiar and emotionally satisfying dishes that provide a sense of psychological comfort in times of stress or distress. They are not necessarily chosen for their nutritional value but for the positive emotions they evoke, offering a sense of reassurance and relief during challenging or emotionally charged moments.

A group of beneficial organisms that live in harmony within the human gut and carry out various functions, from digesting complex dietary fibers and producing essential vitamins (K, B) to inducing protective immune responses against pathogenic microbes (Fung et al., 2014).

A commensal relationship is an organism-to-organism relationship in which one species benefits from the presence of another species in terms of food or other benefits without harming or benefiting the other (J Hellmann, 2013). Commensal bacteria are an example of a commensal relationship between the host (i.e., human) and bacteria.