Neuromarketing is a marketing technique that employs sensory stimuli, such as music, visual imagery, and color, to elicit subconscious emotional responses that influence consumer behavior. This approach leverages neuroscience to shape perceptions and drive purchasing decisions, often without consumers’ conscious awareness.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They are specialized cells that process and transmit information through electrical impulses. Neurons play a central role in all brain and nervous system functions, including thinking, feeling, and controlling bodily functions.

Neuropeptide Y is a peptide neurotransmitter in the brain that stimulates hunger and increases food intake. It is associated with promoting appetite.

Neuropeptides are a class of signaling molecules produced in the nervous system and other tissues throughout the body. They are typically larger and more complex than neurotransmitters and are made up of chains of amino acids. Neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or hormones and can have a wide range of effects on cells and tissues of the body (Holzer et al., 2012).

Neuroplasticity, often called brain plasticity, is the capacity of the brain to reorganize and adapt by forming new neural connections throughout life. This is essential for learning, memory, and the brain’s ability to recover from injuries or adapt to new experiences.

Neuropods are specialized extensions of certain enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the gut that form direct synaptic connections with vagal afferent neurons. Unlike traditional hormone-based signaling, neuropods use rapid neurotransmission, primarily via glutamate, to relay nutrient information to the brain within milliseconds. This allows the brain to detect and respond to caloric content in real time, influencing appetite, food preference, and reward-driven eating behavior.

In Nutritional Psychology, this term refers to the nutritional mechanisms and strategies that aim to protect the nervous system.

Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology that examines the relationship between the brain and behavior, specifically how brain function influences cognition, emotions, and decision-making. It combines principles from neuroscience and psychology to understand how injuries, diseases, dysfunction, and brain processes impact mental processes such as memory, attention, perception, language, and problem-solving. In the context of nutrition and eating behavior, neuropsychology explores how brain structures and neural processes influence food choices, cravings, emotional eating, and cognitive control over eating behaviors. It is often applied in areas such as food addiction, obesity, eating disorders, and the gut-brain connection.

Neuroscience is a multidisciplinary field that explores the structure and function of the nervous system, which encompasses the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It investigates how the nervous system influences behavior, cognition, and mental health.

Neurotransmitters are a specific class of signaling molecules released by neurons to communicate with other neurons or target cells. They are typically small molecules, such as amino acids or amines, and are synthesized and stored in synaptic vesicles within nerve terminals. When a nerve impulse reaches the terminal, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, binding to receptors on the target cell, triggering a response. (Sheng et al., 2021),.