Synaptogenesis refers to the formation of synapses, the connections through which neurons transmit information to one another. This process is essential for the development of brain networks and the overall architecture of neural connectivity, supporting learning, memory, and brain function.

Synbiotics are a synergistic combination of probiotics and prebiotics that promote the survival and activity of beneficial bacteria in the gut (De Vrese & Schrezenmeir, 2008).

Systemic chronic inflammation (SCI) is a condition characterized by persistently elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and CRP, across the body. Unlike acute inflammation, SCI is a low-grade, ongoing response that affects multiple systems and is associated with various chronic diseases.