Diabetes Type II

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from a combination of insulin resistance and progressive dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to relative insulin deficiency. It is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for approximately 90–95% of cases worldwide, and is diagnosed by standardized laboratory criteria including fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL or hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%.

Risk is shaped by genetic predisposition together with modifiable factors such as excess body weight, physical inactivity, dietary patterns, sleep disruption, and chronic psychosocial stress. If poorly managed, T2D can lead to cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, and increased risk of cognitive decline and mood disorders.