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Diet–microbiome–brain axis and mental health: biological mechanisms and nutritional implications
The influence of diet on gut microbiota composition and activity is significant, with implications extending to metabolic processes and mental health. Understanding how dietary choices shape microbial communities can elucidate their effects on immune responses, inflammatory signaling, and communication within the central nervous system.
Western diets, which are often high in ultra-processed foods and saturated fats but low in dietary fiber, have been linked to gut dysbiosis. This condition is characterized by an imbalance of gut bacteria, impaired gut barrier function, chronic low-grade inflammation, and an increased vulnerability to mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, and neurodegenerative diseases.
This narrative review synthesizes findings from various research methodologies, including human observational studies, randomized controlled trials, animal models, and mechanistic studies, which collectively explore the relationships among diet, the gut microbiota, and mental health or neurobiological outcomes. Searches conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science included articles published up until December 2025.
Key results from the review emphasize both the potential benefits and limitations of dietary interventions, including prebiotics, probiotics, and psychobiotics. A deeper understanding of the interactions between diet, microbiome, and brain is presented, paving the way for personalized nutrition-based strategies that can be integrated into mental health prevention and clinical care.
In summary, the evidence supports the use of diet-informed approaches to microbiome management as valuable adjuncts in mental health prevention and treatment initiatives. [NPID: Microbiota, mental health, probiotics, psychobiotics, microbiome]
Year: 2026
