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Obesity and food marketing: a narrative review of consumer influence, regulatory gaps, and ethical implications
The impact of food marketing on consumer behavior and dietary patterns
This study aims to explore the ethical dimensions of marketing strategies targeting vulnerable populations, assess the deficiencies in existing regulatory frameworks, critically evaluate the impact of food marketing on consumer behavior and dietary patterns, and propose policy-relevant recommendations for public health interventions. An extensive narrative review synthesized multidisciplinary sources from public health, behavioral psychology, marketing science, and nutrition policy. Methodical database searches (including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) yielded both peer-reviewed and gray literature. Theoretical models employed include the REFCAM model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Social Cognitive Theory. Food marketing employs techniques such as digital microtargeting, sensory cues, and psychological priming to shape consumption behaviors. Overconsumption is prevalent due to strategies that include portion control, manipulation of brand loyalty, and health halo effects. The study highlights global disparities in regulatory approaches, with corporate lobbying, fragmented governance, and insufficient digital oversight undermining effectiveness. Marketing practices directed towards minorities and children raise significant ethical concerns, evidenced by exploitation through misleading and culturally tailored advertising. Comparative case studies reveal both regulatory successes (e.g., Chile and France) and failures (e.g., delays in UK policies). Food marketing significantly contributes to the emergence of obesogenic environments, with inadequate regulation. A shift from reactive to proactive, system-level governance is essential for addressing obesity. Proposals include enhanced digital regulation, stricter nutrient profiling, and a moral recalibration of food marketing strategies. Promoting healthier choices and protecting vulnerable populations necessitates cross-sectoral collaboration. [NPID: marketing, sensory cues, health halo, obesogenic, consumer behavior]
Year: 2025
