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Mediterranean diet vs. time-restricted eating: effects on circadian rhythm and appetite markers in female patients with multiple sclerosis—a pilot study
Investigating the link between diet and sleep quality in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), this study highlights the potential benefits of both the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and time-restricted eating (TRE) for female patients. Conducted over 12 weeks, the randomized trial included 34 participants, evenly split between the two dietary interventions. The research aimed to assess not only sleep patterns but also appetite-related factors and various biochemical parameters.
At the outset, individualized eucaloric plans were created to ensure participants maintained their weight. Measurements were taken at both the beginning and the end of the trial, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Morningness and Eveningness Sleep Questionnaire (MEQ), and a range of biomarkers such as fasting glucose and lipid profiles.
Key findings revealed both dietary groups experienced significant reductions in body mass index and waist and hip circumferences. However, the study noted no marked changes in energy intake across either group. The MedDiet group exhibited initial decreases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (from 101.88 to 99.12 mg/dL) and total cholesterol (from 178 to 173 mg/dL) before adjustment for multiple comparisons; these results did not remain statistically significant after correction. Hormonal markers leptin and ghrelin remained stable throughout the study.
Advancements in dietary habits were evident in both groups, with increased intake of protein, fiber, and water, alongside decreased fat intake. Despite these positive shifts, carbohydrate intake was consistent. Notably, only the MedDiet group experienced a significant rise in MEQ scores (p = 0.035), suggesting a shift towards a morning chronotype.
Statistical analysis using mixed-design ANOVA identified a notable time effect on PSQI scores (F = 11.370, p = 0.002), indicating that improvements in sleep quality were not solely attributable to the dietary intervention. In conclusion, while both diets were associated with beneficial changes in body measurements, the MedDiet showed potential advantages in sleep chronotype without direct effects on sleep quality or appetite-related hormones. Future research with larger populations and extended timelines is recommended to deepen understanding of these findings. [NPID: Sleep, Mediterranean diet, BMI, multiple sclerosis, dietary habits]
Year: 2026
