Diet and Inflammation
The CNP Diet and Inflammation Research Category consolidates research exploring the relationship between dietary intake, inflammation and all aspects of psychological and mental health. To view each original study on the open internet, click “Original.” To view the CNP-written abstract summary, click “CNP Summary.” While only some of the CNP-written abstract summaries are available below for free, all abstract summaries are available to CNP members through the CNP Library Membership.
FEATURED CNP RESEARCH SUMMARY
This 2018 review looks at the importance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, with a particular focus on depression and anxiety. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an example of an omega-3 PUFA that has been receiving attention for its relevance to many brain diseases. Moreover, Larrieu & Layé discuss the mechanisms in which these omega-3 PUFAs can modulate neurobiological processes involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression. It is mentioned that high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids are present in the brain, which may be explained by PUFA’s possibly protective or corrective role in this anatomical region. The authors debate on the involvement of the sensing activity of free fatty acid receptors, and the activity of the PUFA-derived endocannabinoid system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
2022
Association of pro-inflammatory diet with frailty onset among adults with and without depressive symptoms: results from the Framingham Offspring Study
Inflammation caused by diet raises the odds of developing frailty. Individuals who suffer from depression may have elevated odds of developing frailty due to corresponding higher inflammation levels. In this prospective study by Millar et al. (2022), the authors examined the relationship between developing frailty and consuming a proinflammatory diet in the presence or absence of clinical symptoms of depression in a population of 1,701 participants (45% males, mean age 58 ± 8 years) who do not suffer from frailty as per baseline self-reported data (1998-2001). The participants had the following parameters evaluated using standardized tools: symptoms of depression (using CES-D: the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression, where a score ≥16 defines the presence of substantial clinical depression), energy-adjust dietary inflammatory index (E-DIITM; using food frequency questionnaires), and frailty at follow-up (2011-2014, using the Fried frailty criteria, where ≥3 fulfilled the definition of frailty: weak grip strength, slow gait, low physical activity, unintentional weight loss, self-reported exhaustion). Analysis of the results revealed that clinically depressed patients experienced a 55% increase in the risk of frailty with every point increase in E-DII score, compared to a 14% increase in their peers who do not suffer from substantial clinical depression. Thus, the authors conclude that the impact of an inflammatory diet on the risk of frailty is more pronounced in individuals who suffer from substantial clinical depression, which raises the need for further studies to understand this association. [NPID: Aging, inflammation, nutrition, prospective cohort, wellbeing]
CNP Research Summary can be found in the CNP Library Membership
2018
Diet as a hot topic in psychiatry: A population‐scale study of nutritional intake and inflammatory potential in severe mental illness
Individuals suffering from severe mental illnesses (SMIs, such as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder [MDD], and bipolar disorder) exhibit dietary practices such as exaggerated caloric intake, lower diet quality, and poor nutritional status, compared to their healthy peers. Poor dietary quality was associated with a higher risk of diabetes, cardiovascular mortality, and higher levels of systemic inflammation, due to high fat and sugar consumption. The research investigating the links between the dietary intake and dietary inflammatory profiles of individuals with SMIs remains insufficient, thus, Firth et al. (2018) examined the dietary intake data of 69,843 participants suffering from SMIs (ICD-10 diagnosis of depressive disorders, bipolar disorders or schizophrenia, mean age = 56.5 years, 46.6% men, healthy controls = 54,010) extrapolated from the baseline phase (2007‐2010) of the UK Biobank study. To evaluate their mental health, the participants answered a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis I Disorders (SCID‐I) and a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), while their diet was evaluated using five 24-hour recall questionnaires (Oxford WebQ) conducted over a period of 16 months. Furthermore, the inflammatory potential of the diets they consumed was evaluated using the dietary inflammatory index (DII®), with concurrent serological analysis of inflammatory marks like C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α. Analysis of the results revealed that individuals suffering from SMIs had substantially higher levels of total energy, carbohydrate, fat, sugar, saturated fat, and protein consumption compared to controls and that MDD patients had a significantly higher intake of dietary fiber. The authors conclude that their study showcases the obesogenic and proinflammatory nature of the diets consumed by individuals with SMIs, and subsequently the need for holistic interventions that target both aspects of their diets versus current interventions targeting over-consumption alone. [NPID: Severe mental illnesses, SMIs, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar, diet, inflammation, obesity]
2022
Association of the dietary inflammatory index with depressive symptoms among pre- and post-menopausal women: Findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2005–2010
Approximately 20% of US women experience depression throughout their lifetime. Studies pointed to a relationship between high Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) score and high serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and depression. However, no research was undertaken to demonstrate the links between DII and the various measures of depression (such as somatic and cognitive) in pre- and post-menopausal females. In this study by Azarmanesh et al. (2022), the authors used data from a population of 2,512 pre-menopausal and 2,392 post-menopausal women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2005-2010) database to evaluate the relationship between DII, depression, and CRP levels. Analysis of the data revealed that pre-menopausal women with higher DII scores were more likely to experience depression, while only post-menopausal women in the highest quartiles of DII scores were 110% more likely to experience depression compared to their peers in the lowest quartile. No effects of CRP levels were found on the relationship between DII and the measures of depression. Thus, the authors conclude that the lifestyle habits of participants, such as their diets, could have a stronger impact on mental health among pre-menopausal women than post-menopausal women. [NPID: Dietary inflammatory index (DII), menopause, inflammation, depression, NHANES]
2022
Pro-inflammatory diet and depressive symptoms in the healthcare setting
Depression, affecting more than 350 million people across the world, has been recently associated with a state of low-grade chronic inflammation. Our diets were found to play a role in the development of a pro-inflammatory state, where the consumption of foods that scored high on the Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index (EDII) was associated with an increase in circulating plasma inflammatory markers. The EDII is a validated new tool that focuses on the weekly consumption of sixteen net pro- or anti-inflammatory food groups, a tool that has not been used yet in the rising number of studies linking pro-inflammatory diets to depression. The relationship between diet and depression is yet to be fully understood, meanwhile, the use of pharmacologic therapies continues to be considered our most advanced treatments for major depressive disorders, despite several studies suggesting that such methods are insufficient. Identifying the need to explore the relationship between pro-inflammatory diets and depressive symptoms to achieve a holistic, evidence-based treatment approach, Belliveau, R., Horton, S., Hereford, C. et al (2022) endeavored to investigate this relationship using the EDII, coupled with a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to score depression amongst a population of healthcare personnel. The results obtained from 631 participants demonstrated a significant association between pro-inflammatory diets and depression while accounting for variables such as gender, psychiatric diagnosis, and physical and spiritual exercise. The findings demonstrated that participants who reported eating fewer leafy greens, consuming greater amounts of bread or pasta, sugar- sweetened beverages, and processed meats (a diet that ranks high on EDII) scored higher on PHQ-9 and suffered more depressive symptoms when compared to their peers. The authors conclude that anti-inflammatory diets can play a key role in the treatment of depression. [NPID: Depression, nutrition, empirical dietary inflammatory index, EDII, DI, patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), healthcare]
2021
Association of dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and depressive disorders
The purpose of this 2021 review was to sum up the relationship between inflammation and depression. While there is substantial evidence linking inflammation with the development of depression, the diverse nature of depression has limited the understanding, prevention, and treatment of this disease. The article looks at the core features of depression such as overreacting to negative information, changes in reward processing, declining cognitive control, and somatic syndrome. The reviewers analyzed how each core feature relates to depression and investigates the potential role of inflammation. The authors concluded that inflammation may play a factor in several characteristics of depression, including overreaction to negative information, altered reward responses, and physical symptoms. There was less evidence supporting the influence of inflammation on cognitive control. The review then discusses what these results may mean for research in the future. [NPID: review, inflammation, depression, depressive symptoms, dietary inflammatory index]
2017
Protective effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial function in the hippocampus improves inflammation-induced depressive-like behavior
Since inflammation is known to induce mitochondrial dysfunction in the nervous system, this 2017 study tested whether mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behavior in mice. Another goal of this study was to check if the antioxidant resveratrol alleviates inflammation-induced depressive-like behavior by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus. It was found that the liposaccharide (LPS) caused mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction in the mice, but these effects were attenuated by injection of the antioxidant Mito-TEMPO (targets the mitochondria). The mice treated with LPS exhibited depressive-like behaviors in the forced swimming test. It was reported that both Mito-TEMPO and resveratrol could significantly improve these depressive-like behaviors. In contrast, injecting rotenone (an inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain) induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction in the hippocampus, resulting in depressive-like behaviors. In conclusion, resveratrol can have an antidepressant-like impact in mice showing LPS-induced depression-like behavior. This data supports the potential use of resveratrol as a future therapy agent for depression. [NPID: depression, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, resveratrol, antidepressant]
2019
Dietary Inflammatory Index and non-communicable disease risk: A narrative review
Phillips et al. (2019) point out that there have been 480,000 references to inflammation by articles on diet and health in the National Library of Medicine database, in addition to 30,000+ peer-reviewed articles published on the relationship between diet, inflammation, and health outcomes. With this vast amount of evidence, it is now established that chronic systemic inflammation is associated with most non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancers, respiratory and musculoskeletal disorders. Since dietary constituents can influence the level of inflammation in a person, a dietary inflammatory index (DII) has been recently created to calculate the inflammatory potential of diet. While evidence linking this dietary inflammatory index with the risk of various NCDs has grown, this review aims to inspect the current state of research regarding DII’s relationship with cancers, neurodevelopment, mental health outcomes, as well as cardiometabolic, respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases. This article collected the findings of recent studies, discussed possible underlying mechanisms, and commented on future avenues of investigation in this field of nutritional research. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, inflammation, non-communicable disease, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, inflammatory index, cancer, neurodevelopment, cardiometabolic diseases, respiration, musculoskeletal]
CNP Research Summary can be found in the CNP Library Membership
2017
Inflammation: Opportunities for treatment stratification among individuals diagnosed with mood disorders
Although there has been progress in the development of psychiatric therapy over the last few decades, Subramaniapillai et al. (2017) find that the efficacy of these treatments is limited. With the ongoing search for novel approaches, some have explored the idea of inflammation playing an influential role in mood disorder development. It has been identified that a large proportion of people with mood disorders are in pro-inflammatory environments. The aim of this review was to present the evidence showing the involvement of inflammation in various effector systems in mood disorders. The researchers looked at glutaminergic and immune system signaling, as well as metabolic parameters. The article examined infliximab for example as a target of the immune inflammatory system and a potential corrector of abnormal inflammatory social environments. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, psychiatric therapy, inflammation, mood, pro-inflammatory environment, glutaminergic signaling, immunity, immune system]
2017
The inflammatory potential of the diet is associated with depressive symptoms in different subgroups of the general population
The aim of this 2017 study was to examine the relationship between the inflammatory potential of the diet and the presence of incident depressive symptoms, while also investigating the modulatory roles of sex, age, physical activity, and smoking status. Adjibade et al. recruited the 3523 participants of the SU.VI.MAX (Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants) cohort, who were all initially free of depressive symptoms. Over an average follow-up period of 12.6 years, there were 172 reports of incident depressive symptoms. The dietary inflammatory index (DII), which measures the inflammatory potential of the diet, was not related to incident depressive symptoms among the sample population. However, DII was positively linked with risk of incident depressive symptoms in men. When the subjects were sorted by smoking status, current and former smokers with higher DII scores were also found to be more likely to show incident depressive symptoms. Finally, another meaningful relationship was identified between less physically active individuals and increased odds of depressive symptoms. To conclude, this study suggests that eating a healthy diet with anti-inflammatory properties might prevent signs of depression, especially among men, smokers, and physically inactive people. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, inflammation, depression, smokers, physical activity]
CNP Research Summary can be found in the CNP Library Membership
2015
Mediterranean Diet and low-grade subclinical inflammation: The Moli-sani Study
Bonaccio et al. (2015) writes about the link between Mediterranean-like eating behavior with lower levels of inflammatory biomarkers, suggesting the anti-inflammatory action of Mediterranean-like foods. This review was focussed on the findings from the Moli-sani study, which addresses this connection between dietary habits and subclinical inflammation. The objective of the Moli-sani study was to investigate the genetic and environmental factors that either pose a risk or play protective roles in cardiovascular and tumor disease. Since it has been hypothesized that a diet abundant in healthy compounds could positively affect the production and clearance of platelets and white blood cells, the large-scale study assessed whether the Mediterranean diet determines the number of these inflammatory biomarkers in the subjects’ bodies. The Moli-sani study was an important cohort since it showed evidence of an association between a Mediterranean-like diet with lower levels of glucose, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), blood pressure, and 10-year cardiovascular risk. In addition, the intake of healthy foods rich in antioxidant vitamins and phytochemicals was found to correlate with lower blood pressure and CRP concentration in men. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, Med diet, Mediterranean diet, inflammation, the Moli-sani study, cardiovascular disease, tumor disease, phytochemicals, antioxidants]
2019
Association of high-fat diet with neuroinflammation, anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses, and altered thermoregulatory responses in male rats (animal study)
While the previous study conducted by Noronha et al. reported the obesity-inducing potential of high-fat diets in rats (with elevated anxiety-related defensive behaviors and reactivity to stress), this present study published in 2019 induced obesity in rats and assessed their anxiety-related defensive behavioral responses. Also, their thermoregulatory responses to stress were tested through an open field assessment. Nine weeks of the fat-enriched diet induced obesity in the rats and increased their anxiety-related defensive behavioral responses and proinflammatory cytokine levels in several regions of their brain. Moreover, the rats’ tail skin temperature rose from the beginning and throughout the open field test. These results support the hypothesis that the high-fat diet induces neuroinflammation, heightens reactivity to stress, enhances anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses, and modifies excitability of brain nuclei that regulate neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stressful stimuli. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, obesity, stress, reactivity, anxiety, fat, neuroinflammation, behavior, neuroendocrine response]
CNP Research Summary can be found in the CNP Library Membership
2020
Dietary fiber and its associations with depression and inflammation
Although the associations between dietary fiber intake with depression and inflammation are supported by several studies, Swann et al. (2020) state that the potential mechanisms behind these relationships are still poorly understood. This review therefore looks at the evidence on dietary fiber’s impact on depression and considers plausible mechanisms by which the fiber content of the diet is connected with depression. Possible explanations include the actions of microbiota - possibly modifying gene expression and increasing production of neurotransmitters. Inflammation is believed to mediate the interaction between dietary fiber consumption and depression. The author suspects that fiber-rich diets may lower inflammation by modifying both the pH and permeability of the gut. The result is a reduction in inflammatory compounds that may disrupt the concentration of neurotransmitters and ultimately reduce depressive symptoms. Yet, additional research is required to provide guidance on ways to enhance and prevent inflammatory and depressive disorders. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, inflammation, depression, fiber, neurotransmitters, gut permeability]
2020
Diet quality, dietary inflammatory index and body mass index as predictors of response to adjunctive N-acetylcysteine and mitochondrial agents in adults with bipolar disorder: A sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial
Ashton et al. (2020) examined a randomized controlled trial on the impact of several nutraceutical treatments on patients with bipolar depression. The 133 participants received 16 weeks adjunctive treatment of either placebo or N-acetylcysteine (alone or combined with mitochondrial-enhancing nutraceuticals). Four weeks after stopping the treatment, the subjects were assessed on diet (quality, inflammatory potential), body mass index, and other significant outcomes (depression symptoms, clinician-rated improvement, and functioning measures). Neither the Australian Recommended Food Score (measure of diet quality), dietary inflammatory index, nor body mass index scores could predict change in depression scores when comparing the combination treatment group with the placebo group. However, participants with better diet quality showed reduced general depression, bipolar disorder symptoms, and greater clinician-rated improvements, regardless of treatment and time. Moreover, a more anti-inflammatory diet (lower dietary inflammatory index score) was linked with less impairment in functioning. It was also suggested that the combination treatment of nutraceuticals may reduce the adverse effects of the pro-inflammatory diet on functioning. Furthermore, cohorts with lower BMIs who were given the combination therapy or N-acetylcysteine alone were reported to show better improvements by the clinicians. Although these results should be interpreted cautiously because of limitations, the data implies that there is an association between quality and inflammatory potential of diet, BMI, and the response to nutraceutical treatment for bipolar disorder in this clinical trial. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, inflammation, depression, Australia, diet quality, bipolar, nutraceuticals, N-acetylcysteine]
CNP Research Summary can be found in the CNP Library Membership
2019
Increased Dietary Inflammatory Index is associated with schizophrenia: Results of a case-control study from bahrain
Jahrami et al. (2019) aimed to back up findings of past studies by examining the association between dietary inflammation with schizophrenia among 240 participants in Bahrain. The sample included 120 patients recruited from psychiatric hospitals in Bahrain and another 120 healthy controls who were matched on age and sex. Food frequency questionnaires were administered to determine the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) of the subjects. The average score for the entire sample was 1.79, which is indicative of a general pro-inflammatory diet. People with schizophrenia seemed to have higher E-DII scores than the healthy controls. In fact, an increase in the E-DII score by 1 unit equated to an elevation in risk of schizophrenia by 62%. The difference between the controls and patients were more pronounced after the sample was organized by quartiles of E-DII scores. People with the most pro-inflammatory diets (highest quartile of E-DII) were almost 6 times more likely to have schizophrenia than those with the most anti-inflammatory diets (quartile 1). This is the first study to assess the link between DII and schizophrenia cases in a Middle Eastern population. The results suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet is related to schizophrenia. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, inflammation, schizophrenia, Bahrain, inflammatory index, Middle East]
2019
Association between the dietary inflammatory index and common mental health disorders profile scores
In this 2019 study, a mental health disorders profile score was calculated for each Iranian adult participant using regression analysis and based on their levels of anxiety, depression and psychological distress. Haghighatdoost et al. aimed to evaluate the relationship between the subjects’ dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the risk of a worsened mental health disorders profile. The DII scores were calculated based on consumption of 27 macro- and micro-nutrients, onions, teas, and caffeine, which were all obtained through the food frequency questionnaires. The results from the analysis models indicated that participants with the lowest dietary inflammatory index scores (lowest quartile) were less likely to be in the top tertile for mental health disorders profile. Similar relationships were found among both genders, but associations appeared to be more significant in men. The data suggests that the pro-inflammatory characteristics of the diet are directly associated with an increased risk of worse mental health disorder profiles. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, Iran, anxiety, depression, psychological distress, inflammatory index, macros, macronutrients, micronutrients, onions, teas, caffeine]
CNP Research Summary can be found in the CNP Library Membership
2019
Association between dietary inflammatory index and psychological profile in adults
In this 2019 study, Salari-Moghaddam et al. gathered the dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores of 3363 Iranian adult participants and checked whether they correlate with risk of psychological disorders. A food frequency questionnaire was initially distributed to obtain the participants’ dietary intakes, which was later used to calculate the dietary inflammatory index (DII). This index tells us how adherent the subjects were to the pro-inflammatory diet. The Iranian validated version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were utilized for the psychological disorder assessment. Out of the whole sample, 22.6% scored 4 or more on either the HADS or GHQ, signifying presence of psychological distress. While 13.3% of the population had anxiety and 28% suffered from depression. Analysis models displayed the higher occurrence of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress in the individuals with the highest DII scores (highest quartile), compared with those in the lowest quartile. To summarize these findings, adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet was positively associated with odds of developing psychological disorders. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, Iran, psychological disorders, inflammatory index, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, inflammation]
2021
Empirically derived food-based dietary inflammatory index is associated with increased risk of psychological disorders in women
This 2021 study assessed a sample of Iranian adults on their food consumption to determine their food-based dietary inflammatory index (FDII). The aim was to investigate the relationship between the participants’ FDII and their risk of psychological disorders. The Iranian validated version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were both used to examine psychological disorders. Results showed that people with the highest FDII scores (top quartile) had greater risks of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress, compared with those with the lowest FDII scores (lowest quartile). When this association between FDII scores and several mental health outcomes was further analyzed according to the subjects’ gender, food-based dietary inflammatory index scores were found to significantly correlate with increased incidences of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress among women. However, no significant link was identified when the highest and lowest quartiles for FDII scores were compared with one another in men. Nevertheless, Salari-Moghaddam et al. conclude that higher food-based dietary inflammatory index scores were related to greater prevalence of psychological disorders. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, Iran, depression, anxiety, psychological distress, inflammation, inflammatory disorder]
CNP Research Summary can be found in the CNP Library Membership
2018
Food for mood: Relevance of nutritional Omega-3 Fatty acids for depression and anxiety
This 2018 review looks at the importance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, with a particular focus on depression and anxiety. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an example of an omega-3 PUFA that has been receiving attention for its relevance to many brain diseases. Moreover, Larrieu & Layé discuss the mechanisms in which these omega-3 PUFAs can modulate neurobiological processes involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression. It is mentioned that high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids are present in the brain, which may be explained by PUFA’s possibly protective or corrective role in this anatomical region. The authors debate on the involvement of the sensing activity of free fatty acid receptors, and the activity of the PUFA-derived endocannabinoid system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. [NPIDs: insomnia, sleep, sleep disorders, PUFAs, omega-3s, depression, anxiety, DHA, HPA]
2015
Mitigation of inflammation-induced mood dysregulation by long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
While there is evidence suggesting a positive correlation between immune-inflammatory signalling and mood symptoms, McNamara (2015) focuses his attention on long-chain omega-3 (LCn-3) fatty acids such as eicosapentaenic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have anti-inflammatory properties. Mental disorders such as mood, bipolar, and major depressive disorder, are thought to be associated with low EPA and/or DHA biostatus, greater LCn-6: LCn-3 fatty acid ratio, and higher levels of various proinflammatory proteins. It is proposed that medications that reduce depressive symptoms or stabilize mood in manic depression disorder may be effective partly due to the reduction of immune-inflammatory signaling and augmented by anti-inflammatory medication. Furthermore, recent studies have implied that a higher LCn-6: LCn-3 fatty acid ratio may elevate risk of developing depression and feeling irritable. The author thus believes that increasing consumption of LCn-3 fatty acids may be a simple strategy to lessen the negative impact of increased immune-inflammatory signaling on mood stability. [NPIDs: insomnia, mood, omega-3s, EPA, DHA, inflammation, anti inflammatory, irritation, depression, sleep, sleep disorders]