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Ultra-processed foods and health outcomes in children and adults: an updated narrative umbrella review with a focus on dose–response
The rising consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has raised significant public health concerns due to their potential adverse effects. This study aimed to consolidate recent meta-analytic data pertaining to UPF intake and its associations with major health outcomes extending through December 9, 2025. Notably, existing reviews often focused on literature prior to mid-2023 and did not rigorously analyze both linear and nonlinear relationships in dose-response studies.
The review encompassed various health outcomes such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cognitive function, mental health issues (including anxiety and depression), dental health, cancer, and all-cause mortality. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using an adapted Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (ROBIS), and the certainty of the evidence was rated via the GRADE guidance.
Twelve lead meta-analyses were identified, primarily focusing on observational studies and 13 distinct health outcomes—4 of which were specifically linked to children. The findings revealed that higher UPF consumption is associated with increased risks across nearly all outcomes examined. Specifically, a dose-response analysis indicated a 10% increase in T2D risk per 10% increase in UPF intake, whereas CCVDs showed a curvilinear risk relationship. Conversely, no significant association was observed for NAFLD, and rigorous analyses were lacking for other conditions.
Of the health outcomes evaluated, one showed high certainty of evidence, six were deemed moderate, and six were low. This comprehensive umbrella review reaffirmed the detrimental associations between UPF consumption and various health issues, offered new perspectives on the effects of such diets on children’s health, cognition, and dental health, and clarified the dose-response dynamics for CCVDs. Despite identified methodological limitations, including reliance on observational studies and insufficient rigorous dose-response analyses, the evidence strongly supports public health initiatives to curb UPF intake. [NPID: Ultraprocessed food, outcomes, obesity, type 2 diabetes, children]
Year: 2026
