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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the primary neuroendocrine system in the human body that regulates stress response mechanisms (DeMorrow, 2018). It represents the interaction…
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CNP Contributor
Ephi Lu
Related Encyclopedia terms
Insulin
Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to maintain normal glucose levels and to…
Read termInteroception
Interoception consists of the receiving, processing, and integrating body-relevant signals with external stimuli to affect ongoing motivated behavior (Paulus & Steward, 2014). More simply…
Read termLocal action
Action where gut peptides influence nearby target cells’ function by binding on their receptors. For instance, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) nourish intestinal cells and…
Read termLow-density lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol can build up in arteries, leading to plaque formation and an increased risk of heart disease. It is often referred…
Read termLuminal Contents
Luminal contents refer to the various components in the lumen. These components include food substrates, compounds produced during digestion, toxic chemicals, microbes, fluids, and…
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