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Ultra-processed foods and health outcomes in children and adults: an updated narrative umbrella review with a focus on dose-response
The increasing prevalence of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in diets raises important health questions. Recent findings suggest a notable correlation between UPF consumption and adverse health effects, prompting a systematic review of the existing literature through December 9, 2025. This study aimed to synthesize updated meta-analytic data regarding UPFs and their impact on major health outcomes across different age groups.
Focusing on an array of health outcomes, the review encompassed obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cognitive function, mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression, dental health issues, cancer, and overall mortality rates. Methodologically rigorous lead meta-analyses were selected for their recency and comprehensiveness, and methodological quality was assessed using the ROBIS tool. The certainty of the included evidence was appraised using the GRADE system.
The review identified twelve key meta-analyses, predominantly derived from observational studies, that addressed thirteen distinct outcomes, of which four were pertinent to children. Results indicated a consistent trend: higher consumption of UPFs was associated with increased risks across nearly all outcomes examined. Specifically, the dose-response analysis revealed a 10% increase in risk of T2D per 10% increase in UPF intake, a curvilinear risk for CCVDs, and no significant relationship for NAFLD. Other outcomes lacked thorough dose-response evaluations.
Confidence in the evidence varied: it was classified as high for one outcome, moderate for six, and low for six others. This comprehensive umbrella review reinforces existing knowledge regarding the adverse health implications associated with UPFs, particularly concerning children’s health, cognitive development, dental issues, and cardiovascular diseases. In light of persistent methodological deficiencies, particularly in observational studies and dose-response analyses, the findings support public health initiatives to curtail UPF consumption. [NPID: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs), health outcomes, Type 2 diabetes, systematic review, UPF consumption]
Year: 2026
